The Epochalypse Project

The 32-bit Timestamp Vulnerability: Our Digital Time Bomb

On 2038-01-19 03:14:08 UTC, millions of sensitive embedded and industrial computer systems worldwide will suddenly start behaving in unpredictable ways, unless we take coordinated action now. And what’s worse, with unsecured time protocols, attackers don’t need to wait until 2038.

This is not science fiction. It’s a real technical vulnerability affecting systems we rely on daily—from hospital equipment to power grids, from banking systems to transportation networks. This vulnerability is embedded in the fundamental architecture of our digital infrastructure.

Why Should You Care?

Without proper preparation, we will face widespread disruptions including:

Hospital equipment displaying incorrect medication times
Banking systems failing to process payments
Traffic control systems malfunctioning
Power grid instabilities causing outages
Internet service disruptions
Security systems generating false alarms

In our interconnected world, these technical failures could have cascading effects. Critical system failures can endanger lives, disrupt economies, and compromise essential services. And what’s worse, malicious threat actors can manipulate time synchronization protocols in many cases to trigger this vulnerability at the time of their choosing. This is particularly concerning given how little attention many networks pay to their Network Time Protocol (NTP) security.

Understanding the 32-bit Timestamp Vulnerability

Many computer systems track time using a 32-bit signed integer that counts seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z (known as “Unix time”). This approach has a mathematical limitation: when this counter reaches its maximum value on 2038-01-19 03:14:08 UTC, affected systems will roll over to negative numbers, causing them to interpret the date as 1901-12-13T20:45:52Z.

This vulnerability exists in:

Legacy systems running critical infrastructure
Embedded devices in industrial settings
Internet of Things (IoT) devices
Transportation and energy management systems
Medical equipment
Financial transaction processors
Telecommunications infrastructure
Millions of “smart” devices in homes and businesses worldwide

The Scale Is Unprecedented

The 32-bit timestamp vulnerability is definitively more severe than Y2K for several critical reasons:

Massive Scale: There are now hundreds of times more vulnerable systems than existed during Y2K. For the last 30 years, simple controller computers have been embedded into virtually everything that moves or connects.
Embedded Nature: Unlike Y2K, which primarily affected visible software that could be patched, today’s vulnerability exists in countless embedded systems that cannot be easily updated. Many are physically inaccessible, buried in infrastructure or sealed in hardware.
Increased Dependence: Our society’s dependence on digital infrastructure has increased dramatically since 2000. Critical systems from healthcare to transportation now rely entirely on accurate timestamps for basic operations.
Security Implications: The near-universal connectivity of today’s systems means time-related vulnerabilities can be exploited remotely. Unsecured time protocols mean attackers could potentially trigger failures at will.
Less Visibility: Many vulnerable systems operate without user interfaces or monitoring capabilities, making detection of problems significantly harder than with Y2K.

A Global Challenge

Our digital infrastructure resembles an interconnected ecosystem. When individual components fail simultaneously, the entire system becomes vulnerable. Even if only 15-30% of critical systems fail, we will experience significant disruptions across multiple sectors.

The challenge is compounded by what economists call a “tragedy of the commons”—where responsibility is distributed but no single entity feels accountable for solving the shared problem. Organizations often assume:

“Our systems represent only a small fraction of the infrastructure”
“Other stakeholders will address the critical components”
“Updating legacy systems offers minimal return on investment”

One of the most concerning aspects involves security infrastructure. When system clocks suddenly jump backward, security certificates will become invalid across large portions of the internet, compromising our digital security framework.

Time is Limited, Action is Required

With approximately 12 years remaining until the critical date, we must prioritize our response.

Our analysis indicates we cannot replace or update all vulnerable systems in time. Many embedded devices cannot be updated at all. However, through coordinated action, we can:

Identify and prioritize the most critical vulnerable systems
Implement fixes where possible
Develop contingency plans for systems that cannot be updated
Establish global coordination to manage the transition

Who We Are

The Epochalypse Project was founded by Trey Darley (aka “treyka”) and Pedro Umbelino (aka “kripthor”), two cybersecurity researchers with extensive experience in vulnerability research and critical infrastructure protection.

Trey Darley has been working in IT since his teens, building a diverse career as a developer, sysadmin, network engineer, and cybersecurity specialist. His professional journey has included running IT for a major film production, foundational work in cyber threat intelligence, and serving in a load-bearing capacity at a national CERT during the COVID years. Trey also served on the FIRST.org board of directors, which took him around the world connecting with cybersecurity professionals.

Trey first became aware of the 2038 problem shortly after Y2K was addressed. Around 2016, he began jokingly referencing it in technical conference talks, saying “surely we’re going to fix all these security vulnerabilities before 2038 rolls around.” In 2023, he realized with alarm that 2038 is now closer to us than the 2008 financial crisis. While traveling globally in his FIRST.org role, Trey repeatedly asked knowledgeable contacts what was being done about the 2038 issue. He had assumed some government-sponsored technical group was addressing it, but discovered that no such master plan seems to exist.

Pedro Umbelino began his journey into technology at age 8, teaching himself to code BASIC on a Spectrum computer. By 14, he was decompiling computer viruses using A86/D86, sparked by a chance encounter with an Assembly language book at his local bookstore. Pedro’s career has spanned roles as a sysadmin, developer, and entrepreneur, but computer security remained his passion throughout. For the past decade, he’s focused exclusively on security research across various domains, discovering vulnerabilities in multiple systems along the way.

The Epochalypse Project began in 2024 after Pedro attended Trey’s lightning talk at the hack.lu conference. Pedro had just presented “Blowing up Gas Stations for Fun and Profit,” emphasizing the dangers of exposed industrial systems, when Trey’s message about the looming 2038 problem struck him. Realizing that 2038 was closer than Y2K had been when preparations began, Pedro ran tests on a device and discovered fundamental vulnerabilities. He immediately reached out to Trey, and they decided to start this project together.

This initiative is a side effort driven by their shared concern about a critical vulnerability that isn’t receiving adequate attention. As Trey puts it, “As it seems nobody has a master game plan, it’s up to us to organize and take some coordinated action.” Together, they bring complementary skills in technical research, vulnerability assessment, and public awareness campaigns—applying lessons learned from previous global technical challenges while addressing the unique aspects of the 32-bit timestamp vulnerability.

The Epochalypse Project builds on their combined experience in coordinating responses to widespread vulnerabilities—applying lessons learned from previous global technical challenges while addressing the unique aspects of the 32-bit timestamp vulnerability.

The Epochalypse Project Mission

We are building a collaborative global initiative to address the 32-bit timestamp vulnerability through:

Standardized testing methodologies
Documentation of system vulnerabilities
Development of remediation strategies
Knowledge sharing across sectors and borders

Your participation matters—whether you’re a technical expert or simply someone with a smartphone. Every test you run helps us map vulnerabilities, and every solution you share can safeguard countless systems.

Why This Requires Urgent Global Attention

The 32-bit timestamp vulnerability has received insufficient attention despite being demonstrably more severe than Y2K. The technology industry has been aware of this issue since the 1990s, yet coordinated remediation efforts remain limited. People aren’t taking action right now, and this must change immediately. The delay in addressing this vulnerability is not just concerning—it’s potentially catastrophic.

You can be part of the solution.

The following sections outline how people in different roles can contribute to this critical effort.

How You Can Help

Safety Guidelines for Testing

Important: Follow these safety precautions when testing for 32-bit timestamp vulnerabilities:

Only test systems you own or have explicit permission to test
Never test production systems or critical infrastructure
Back up all important data before testing
Physically isolate systems with modified dates
Prevent test time signals from affecting other systems
Return systems to the correct date after testing
Document all observations, even seemingly minor ones

For General Public

Even without technical expertise, you can make valuable contributions:

Test your personal smart devices by changing their dates to 2038-01-19 03:14:08 UTC (the “zero hour” of the 32-bit timestamp vulnerability)
Document any errors or unusual behaviors you observe
Test devices like smart TVs, fitness trackers, and home security systems
Enter dates beyond 2038 in websites you regularly use
Ask technology companies about their 32-bit timestamp vulnerability readiness when making purchases
Raise awareness among friends, family, and representatives
Join our community discussions at our forums
Subscribe to our mailing list for updates

For Industry Professionals

Manufacturers

Test products with system times set to 2038-01-19 03:14:08 UTC and beyond
Document all errors, crashes, or unusual behaviors
Create test certificates with expiration dates beyond 2038
Update security requirements to include timestamp rollover mitigation
Test database systems for proper handling of post-2038 dates
Incorporate timestamp testing into vulnerability management
Develop firmware/software updates for affected products
Include 32-bit timestamp vulnerability compliance in product documentation

Importers & Distributors

Verify that manufacturers have tested products for 32-bit timestamp vulnerability compliance
Request compliance documentation from suppliers
Conduct sample testing on imported products
Test how products handle certificates with post-2038 expiration dates
Maintain records of tested products
Report vulnerabilities to manufacturers
Create customer awareness materials

Authorized Representatives

Coordinate testing efforts between manufacturers and authorities
Maintain comprehensive documentation
Help manufacturers understand long-term support requirements
Ensure technical documentation addresses the 32-bit timestamp vulnerability
Facilitate information sharing about discovered vulnerabilities
Connect manufacturers with testing resources

For Government & Public Sector

Develop guidance documents for critical infrastructure operators
Create regulatory frameworks requiring 32-bit timestamp vulnerability compliance
Establish vulnerability reporting mechanisms
Coordinate cross-border simulation exercises
Assess national-level risks to essential services
Develop sector-specific guidelines
Allocate research funding for mitigation solutions
Host multi-stakeholder workshops
Update technical standards
Create certification schemes verifying protection against 32-bit timestamp vulnerabilities
Develop public awareness campaigns
Establish emergency response protocols

For Technical Professionals

Cybersecurity Researchers

Analyze firmware to identify vulnerability patterns
Reverse engineer time-handling protocols
Create specialized testing tools
Develop safe proof-of-concept demonstrations
Map time-related attack surfaces
Audit code for time_t dependencies
Share findings through responsible disclosure

Incident Responders

Develop response playbooks for time-related failures
Create forensic analysis tools
Design containment strategies for cascading failures
Test recovery procedures against 32-bit timestamp vulnerability scenarios
Design simulation exercises
Document system behavior patterns during time anomalies
Train teams to recognize time-related failures

Software Developers

Audit codebases for 32-bit time_t usage
Upgrade to 64-bit time implementations
Review code for hardcoded time assumptions
Create time-specific unit tests
Refactor algorithms to handle rollover gracefully
Develop time simulation libraries
Review database schemas for time limitations
Implement error detection and recovery mechanisms

QA Professionals

Develop test suites for time-related functions
Create frameworks for time manipulation testing
Design edge cases for date handling
Build regression test suites for vulnerability fixes
Create virtualized testing environments
Document time-testing methodologies
Design test matrices covering time zones and DST scenarios

Join Our Global Response Team

The Epochalypse Project serves as a central coordination point for 32-bit timestamp vulnerability testing, reporting, and remediation. All findings submitted to our platform are shared with the global community to accelerate solutions.

Submit your findings, testing methodologies, and remediation strategies through our [reporting portal].

By working together across sectors and borders, we can transform this potential digital disaster into a testament to human foresight and cooperation.

Let’s secure our digital future—together.